Social class plays a large part in Jane Austen's novels. This is reflective of the time period, as rank meant everything during the Late Georgian Era, when all of Austen's novels were written and set.
Few aristocratic characters in Austen's novels are portrayed in a positive light, except for Colonel Fitzwilliam, the younger son of an earl, who is pleasant and polite in bearing. Lady Catherine, although impressive in her rank, is depicted as rude and uncouth, which during the Georgian Era was a mark of ill-breeding. This may be considered a critique of the aristocracy, as many contemporary novels would feature at least one positive aristocratic character. Some common characters are portrayed as being "truly noble" without nobility, such as Austen's description of Mrs. Annesley.[1]
Land and Inheritance[]
Rank was inherently tied to land, and estates themselves play a prominent role in the books. A man had no social nor political power unless he had some measure of land. The landed gentry, particularly the untitled landed gentry, feature prominently throughout the novels.
Most of the novels feature male-preference primogeniture, as well as the effects of primogeniture on female dependents. It is important to note that this played a large part in Jane Austen's own life, as she was left with nothing and forced to live on her relations' charity for the rest of her life.
Male-preference primogeniture means that the eldest son, above all siblings, inherits all land and assets previously owned by his predecessor. Many families used a complicated legal document called an entail in order to ensure primogeniture. As land was so important for social class, it was largely believed that the head of the family should retain all wealth above all siblings so that the land did not get broken up into pieces, which would then degrade the family as a whole. Who counted among heirs was stipulated in the entail, and could even extend to males of the female-line. An entail also protected the estate against any neglectful or bad owners, as often the estate would be tied with a stipulated sum of money that would be held in trust.
Women could inherit land if there was no entail, and if they were mentioned to be the beneficiary in any wills and documents drawn up by the predecessor. Wives were very rarely beneficiaries of land, as that would leave the estate unprotected if the widow remarried, as the land would legally become her husband's unless some very ironclad agreements were written before the marriage. This means that Anne de Bourgh is likely the owner of Rosings Park and not Lady Catherine.
When there was no son, people sometimes adopted more distant relatives who would take their name. Frank Churchill was adopted by his uncle Mr. Churchill and changed his name from "Weston" to "Churchill," and it is probable that William Collins or his father was adopted and changed their name from "Bennet" to "Collins." This was not a requirement placed upon Emma Watson, but she was only informally adopted by her aunt and uncle.
Characters[]
The novels feature plenty characters of rank, and characters who transcend rank, like Eleanor Tilney. The highest ranking Jane Austen heroine at the beginning of a book is Anne Elliot, who was born the daughter of a baronet, but she falls in rank when she marries the naval officer Frederick Wentworth.
The highest ranking character to appear (rather than be mentioned) in Jane Austen's finished novels is Lady Dalrymple, the widow of Viscount Dalrymple. Because the wives of peers took precedence over the daughters of peers, Lady Dalrymple outranks Lady Catherine de Bourgh, the daughter of an earl.
Peers, or those who have an aristocratic title, are few and far between in Austen's novels, which reflects that Austen recognized that her characters would not be likely to meet many peers in their social circles. Mostly, the reader is exposed to landowners, some very wealthy, but most are average.
Peers[]
Dukes[]
Dukes are styled "The Most Noble" or "His Grace." The courtesy title "lord" precedes the first name of a duke's son, and the wife of his son is addressed by the feminine form of her husband's title. If the duke holds a subsidiary title, then the heir apparent takes that as a courtesy title, but this does not entitle them to sit in parliament, or hold any other privileges of the rank, unless they are summoned to the House of Lords by a writ of acceleration. The courtesy title "lady" precedes the first name of a duke's daughter, and if she marries someone who is not a peer, she retains the courtesy title.
- His Grace the Duke of ---- (Mansfield Park)
Marquesses/Marquises[]
Marquises are styled "the Most Honourable." The courtesy title "lord" precedes the first name of a marquis's son, unless there is a subsidiary title for the heir apparent to use, and the wife of his son is addressed by the feminine form of her husband's title. The courtesy title "lady" precedes the first name of a marquis's daughter, and if she marries someone who is not a peer, she retains the courtesy title.
- The Most Honourable Lord Longtown (Northanger Abbey)
Earls[]
Earls are styled "the Right Honourable." An earl's son is styled "the Honourable," unless there is a subsidiary title for the heir apparent to use, and the wife of his son is styled likewise. The courtesy title "lady" precedes the first name of an earl's daughter, and if she marries someone who is not a peer, she retains the courtesy title.
- The Right Honourable Earl ---- (Pride and Prejudice)
- his son the Hon. Colonel Fitzwilliam
- his sister Lady Catherine de Bourgh
- his sister Lady Anne Darcy
Viscounts[]
Viscounts are styled "the Right Honourable." A viscount's son is styled "the Honourable," unless there is a subsidiary title for the heir apparent to use, and the wife of his son is styled likewise. A viscount's daughter is styled "the Honourable," whether married or unmarried, unless she marries a man with a higher title.
- The Right Honourable Lord Dalrymple (Persuasion)
- his widow Lady Dalrymple
- their daughter the Hon. Miss Carteret
- The Right Honourable Viscount ---- (Northanger Abbey)
- his wife Eleanor Tilney
Barons[]
Barons are styled "the Right Honourable." A baron's son is styled "the Honourable," and the wife of his son is styled likewise. As a barony is the lowest peerage, a baron cannot hold a subsidiary title for his heir apparent to use. A baron's daughter is styled "the Honourable," whether married or unmarried, unless she marries a man with a higher title.
- No known barons appear.
Unspecified[]
- Lord Morton (Sense and Sensibility)
- his daughter Miss Morton
- Lord Courtland (Sense and Sensiblity)
- Lord Ravenshaw and Lady Ravenshaw (Mansfield Park)
- Lord Stornaway and Lady Stornaway (Mansfield Park)
- John Yates's father (Mansfield Park)
- Lord St. Ives (Persuasion)
- Lady Mary Grierson's father (Persuasion)
- Lady Mary Maclean's father (Persuasion)
- Lady Alicia's father (Persuasion)
- Lady Susan Vernon's father (Lady Susan)
- Lord Osborne (The Watsons)
- his widowed mother Lady Osborne
- his sister Miss Osborne
Gentry[]
Baronets and knights are not peers; in fact, baronetcies are the only hereditary honors that are not peerages. Knighthoods are not hereditary at all, and the honor dies with its holder. Both baronets and knights are addressed as Sir Firstname in conversation, and their wives are addressed as Lady Lastname.
Baronets[]
- Sir Walter Elliot (Persuasion)
- his late wife Lady Elliot
- their children Elizabeth, Anne, and Mary
- Sir Thomas Bertram (Mansfield Park)
- his wife Lady Bertram
- their children Tom, Edmund, Maria, and Julia
- Sir Harry Denham (Sanditon)
- his widow Lady Denham
- his nephew Sir Edward Denham
- his niece Esther Denham
Knights[]
- Sir William Lucas (Pride and Prejudice)
- his wife Lady Lucas
- their children Charlotte, Maria, etc.
- Sir Henry Russell (Persuasion)
- his widow Lady Russell
Unspecified[]
- Sir John Middleton (Sense and Sensibility)
- his wife Lady Middleton
- their children John, William, Annamaria, etc.
- Sir Lewis de Bourgh (Pride and Prejudice)
- his widow Lady Catherine de Bourgh
- their daughter Anne de Bourgh
- Sir Reginald De Courcy (Lady Susan)
- his wife Lady De Courcy
- their children Catherine and Reginald
- Sir Robert (Sense and Sensibility)
- Sir Henry (Mansfield Park)
- Sir Charles (Mansfield Park)
- Sir Basil Morley (Persuasion)
- Sir Archibald Drew (Persuasion)
- Sir James Martin (Lady Susan)
Unspecified[]
These characters could belong to the peerage or the gentry; there is not enough information to say.
- Elliott (Sense and Sensibility)
- his wife Lady Elliott
- Lady Metcalf's husband (Pride and Prejudice)
- Lady Lascelle's husband (Mansfield Park)
- Lady Prescott's husband (Mansfield Park)
- The Lady Frasers' husbands (Northanger Abbey)
Notes and References[]
- ↑ Jane Austen: The Secret Radical, Ch. 4 (pp. 134-35; Random House hardcover)